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                   UNIT ONE  Patterns of Life

 

重点词汇	大纲词汇	area ; alive; adventure; bathe; block; bare; background; casual; century; ; childhood; desert(deserted); environment; especially; flat; identity; load/ unload; nationality; purchase; pension(pensioner); professional; plain; rubbish; record; skilled; suburb; spirit; shabby; suppose; surrounding; trip; travel; plain;
	非大纲词汇	community; close-knit; dock; domestic; imagination; industry; identity; lifestyle;  magical; purchase; professional; skilled; setting; account
	八级词汇	dwelling; estate; executive; mortgage; detached; vegetation; thrive/ thriving; façade;
短        语		patterns of life;  in the 1970s;  used to do…;  fill up the watering can;  ships of all size;  police launches;  depend on…;  pleasure boats; load/unload the ship;  play an important role in people’s lives;  perform magic tricks,  be responsible for…;  refer to…;  a block of flats;  a row of houses;  a close-knit community;  social life;  organize a trip;  tend to do…;  a flatful of rubbish;  a set of…;  used phone cards;  care for the environment;  pass on a message;  left-over food;  live in the suburbs;  identity cards;  in good /poor condition;  in the clothes;  a range of hills(mountains);  belong to;  in the center of…;  at the side of …;  a number of…;  physical setting;  a philosophy behind one’s lifestyle;  on the façade of…;  on the balcony;  in the background/ foreground;  wear casual clothes;  a mobile home
重 点 句  型		1.       sb+used to do…… 2.       sb+hardly ever do…… 3.       sb+be doing+future time
重点语法现象		1.       used to do 2.       compound nouns 3.       adverbs of frequency: always; often; sometimes; rarely; hardly ever; never 4.       “be doing” refers to the future tense
单 元 话  题		1.       Talking about interesting memories 2.       Talking about changes around your life 3.       Talking about a thing/place/person that plays an important role in your life 4.       Talking about someone with a strange lifestyle 5.       Describing surroundings. 6.       Describing pictures

 

                       Section I   Changes

重点词汇

area;  alive; account;  bathe,  block;  childhood;  community;  conjuror,  century;  close-knit; depend;  domestic;  dock;  deserted;  estate;  especially;  foreman;  imagination load/unload;  launch;  magical; nationality;  purchase;   professional;  skilled; spirit;  trip;  sink;  travel;  thrive;  mayor

短   语

in the 1990s;  fill up sth;  domestic water;  travel to a place;  ships of all sizes;  police launches;  depend on one’s imagination;  a pleasure boat;  load/unload the ship;  play an important role in…;   be responsible for…;  professional/skilled people;  a modern housing estate;  the spirit of our time;  a block of flats;  a row of…;  a deserted house;  a close-knit community;  patterns of life;  tend to do;  organize a trip to…;

一 . Vocabulary 词汇讲解

area  n.

1.       地区，地带（region, zone）

No wonder he calls it one of the poorest areas in the world.难怪他称之为世界上最贫穷的地区之一。

Shanghai is China’s highly-developed area. 上海是中国高度发达的地区。

2．面积

   China is a land with an area of 9600000 square kilometers.中国是一个幅原960万平方公里的国家。

   This island is only 900 square feet in area. 这座岛面积只有900平方英尺。

3．领域，方面（ field ）

   There have been many developments in the area of English teaching.在英语教学方面已有了很多改进。

He strives to develop a new business in the area of computing. 他努力在电脑领域里开

托新的商机。

   4．Related phrases: 相关短语

area code 电话区号

Don’t forget to add area code when you try to reach me. 给我打电话不要忘了加区号。

in the area of ….. = in the field of ….. 在。。。方面（领域）里

He has achieved a lot in the area of science. 在科学领域里他取得了很大的成就。

the industrial/ agricultural/ residential  工业/农业/ 住宅区

a restricted area  车辆限速区

a wilderness area  自然保护区，野外地带

alive

1.       adj 活的，活着的 (living, live, surviving)

The fish we caught is still alive.  我们捉的鱼还活着。

To  everyone’s surprise, the little boy was still alive after the car accident.

让每个人惊奇的是那个小男孩车祸后还活着。

2．adj 活跃的，有生气的（active）

Although old she is still very much alive. 她虽已年迈，但仍很活跃。

My grandma is more alive than a lot of young people. 我的婆婆比很多年轻人还有生气。

3．adv 活活地

The brutal king decided to bury the man alive. 这个暴君决定活埋这个人。

4．Related phrases

be alive with……..充满。。。的，挤满，洋溢着。。。

In the evening the whole street is alive with vendors selling all sorts of stuff.

在夜晚，整条街满是兜售各种东西的小贩。

be alive to…… 意识到；注意到； 对什么敏感

He was fully alive to some coming danger when he got close to it.

当他靠近时，他充分意识到有种危险迫在眉睫。

Are you alive to what is going on right now? 你意识到现在正在发生什么事吗？

come  alive  活跃起来； 逼真起来； 栩栩如生

The dragon came alive at once after its eyeballs were painted by the artist.

当画家做完点睛之笔，这条龙立刻栩栩如生起来了。

The town came alive directly the gold was found.小镇由于黄金的发现而马上变繁忙起来。

bring……alive 把。。。。。。变得有生机，活力

The pouring immigrants from different countries brought New York alive.

来自不同国家如潮的移民把纽约变成了一座生机盎然的城市。

5．Related words

同义词：living; live; lively

   这几个词都与“活”有关，但它们的用法有别，且容易混淆，现将其用法解析如下：

1．  Live  /laiv/ , adj  意为“活的动，植物”或“现场的”，一般放在名词前作定语。

Live chickens usually cost much more than frozen ones. 活鸡的价格常常比冰冻的贵。

   There will be a live band at the wedding. 婚礼上有现场乐队表演。

2．  Living  可作名词，意为“生活，生计”，在句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。位置既可前置，又可后置。如：

It’s well known that English is a living language. 众所周知，英语是一门活语言。

Is the panda an animal living only in China? 大熊猫是一种只生活在中国的动物吗？

3．  Alive  作“活着”讲时，可作表语或后置定语，此时一般可与“living” 互换。有时alive 也作状语或补语。如：

She is the happiest girl alive/ living. 她是世上最幸福的女孩。

Make sure that the murderer is caught alive. 必须确保能够活捉凶手。

4．  Lively 为形容词时，意为“活泼，活跃，生动”。可作定语，表语或补语。如：

Everyone in my class likes this lively teacher. 我们班的每个人都喜欢这位活跃的老师。

    Mr. Black has a strange way to make his lessons lively. 布莱克先生有种奇特的方法让他的课上得生动有趣。

bathe  v.

1．  游泳，尤指在河水或海水里浸泡( swim)

I prefer to bathe in the sea during summer time. 夏天我爱在还里游泳。

2．  沐浴在。。。；浸浴在。。。(immerse)

The old castle is bathed in the golden sunlight. 这座古堡沐浴在金色的阳光里。

3．  洗澡； 给。。。洗澡 （ take a bath）

The children bathed and dressed and went upstairs for lunch. 孩子们洗了澡，穿上衣服，然后上楼吃午饭了。

The loving mother walked a long way for water to bathe her baby. 这位慈母走很远的路去接水给孩子洗澡。

4．  浸；清洗  （wash）

The doctor told him to bathe his wound with hot water regularly. 医生嘱咐他定时用热水清洗伤口。

5．  Related phrases:

bathing suit= swimming suit    泳衣

go sun bathing   晒日光浴

be bathed in tears 泪水汪汪

 

block

I. n.

1. 一大块。。。； 一栋（房屋）

He cut a block of wood for a cutting board. 他砍下一块木头当菜板。

We can see blocks of new buildings along both sides of the street. 我们看见街的两边是栋栋新的建筑物。

2．由四条马路围成的方形街区

The place you are looking for is three blocks from here. 你要找的地方离这里有三个街区。

3． 阻塞； 阻塞物

There was a block in the pipe and the water couldn’t flow away. 管道里有阻塞物，水流不走。

II. v. 阻塞； 阻碍

The sudden snow storm blocked all the traffic.  突如其来的暴风雪阻断了所有交通。

They blocked (up) the entrance to the cave with big rocks. 他们用大岩石堵住了山洞的入口。

III. Related phrases.

block in    草拟； 拟定； 把。。。关在里面

I’ve blocked in a plan but have given no details. 我草拟了个计划，还没细节。

block out   阻止； 封锁

The government tried to block out all the news about it. 政府想封锁消息。

block up 阻塞；

My nose is blocked up because of the bad cold。 我由于重感冒而鼻塞。

block one’s way    堵住某人的去路

The police pulled away the car blocking our way. 警察拖走了挡住我们路的车。

block letters   印刷体大写字母

Please write your name in Block letters. 请用印刷体写出你的名字来。

building blocks    积木

domestic  adj

1. 家庭的； 家用的；喜欢家庭生活的。（household; family）

You can buy all kinds of domestic appliance in the supermarket. 在超市你能卖到各种家用设备。

Mr. Smith is a really domestic person who enjoys cooking, cleaning and looking after kids.

史密斯先生是个喜欢煮饭，做清洁和带孩子的很家庭性的人。

2．国内的； 本国的  （national; native）

I’m interested in both domestic and international news. 我对国内和国际的新闻都感兴趣。

My new car is a domestic make.  我的新车是国产品牌。

3． 家养的；驯养的

Cows and sheep are domestic animals.  奶牛和绵羊都是家畜。

4。Related phrases.

domestic affairs           家庭事务；国内事务

domestic make/ goods      国内品牌；国货

domestic trade            国内贸易

domestic appliance/ equipment 家用设备

domestic violence    家庭暴力

desert

I.  v.（动词）

1．  vt.   遗弃；抛弃；脱离

He felt guilty at deserting his family.  他对抛弃家庭感到很内疚。

All the houses were deserted when the flood came. 洪水来了，所有的人都弃房而逃。

2．vi.  开小差

The soldier deserted from his post.  这位士兵擅离职守了。

II.  deserted   adj.   被弃的； 无人的；荒弃的

The deserted castle fell into ruins.  无人居住的城堡成了废墟。

She was afraid to walk down a deserted street at night. 她不敢晚上在这条冷清的街道上走。

III. desert /’deza:t/ n. 沙漠

There is hardly any life in the desert because there is little water there. 因为没水，沙漠里鲜有生命。

dock  

I. n.（名词）

1．  码头， 船坞

The ship entered the dock in time when the storm came.  在风暴来临时，轮船及时驶进了船坞。

The Queen Elizabeth II was in dock for major repair. 伊丽莎白二世号停泊在船坞大修。

2．  the dock  法庭的被告席

He explained in the dock how his friend died.  他在被告席上解释了他朋友是怎么死的。

II. v.  ( 动词)

1．    靠码头； 停泊在码头

Hundreds of ships came in to dock this morning.  今天早晨，成千上百的船进入码头停泊。

2．    剪去尾部； 剪短； 扣除

They are going to dock all the horses’ tails.  他们要剪短所有的马尾。

The boss docked the man’s wages to pay for what he had damaged. 老板扣除这人工资的一部分来付清他损坏的东西。

load

I. V. (动词)

1．  装货；把重物放在。。。上

The farmers are loading the trucks with apples.   农民们正在往卡车上装苹果。

2．  装上子弹；胶卷等

That’s funny! I forgot to load my camera!  真好笑！我忘了上胶卷了！

Be careful! The gun is loaded!    小心！子弹已上膛了！

II. n. (名词)

1．    重量；负荷；负载( weight)

The truck was carrying a heavy load.   卡车正满载重物。

This washing machine takes a load of six kilos. 洗衣机的负荷是6公斤。

2．    负担，压力（burden; pressure; stress）尤指思想上的

The students all expect that their heavy course load upon their minds would grow lighter. 学生们都期望他们的沉重的课业压力能变轻。

Our teachers carry a heavy load of responsibility.   我们老师都担负着沉重的责任感。

３．装载量（一车；一船；一篮。。。。）

The boat is carrying a load of sand to the dock.. 小船正满载着沙向船坞驶去。

The truck carried all the goods at one load.  卡车一次就载满了所有的货物。

III. Related phrases.

a load of  (loads of)   大量，许多

He got loads of gifts at his birthday party.   他在生日晚会上得了很多的礼物。

take a load off sb’s mind    解除某人的思想负担

The good news took the load off his mind.  好消息让他解除了思想包袱。

cast the load on….   把责任推卸给。。。。

Take your won responsibility! Don’t cast the load to somebody else! 负起自己的责任来，不要推卸责任！

launch

I. n. (名词) 汽艇 （motorboat）

The launch is moving directly towards the sinking boat. 汽艇直接开向沉船。

The police launch is searching in the nearby waters. 警察的快艇正在附近水域搜索。

II. v. (动词)

１．发射；升起

China has succeeded in launching a manned spacecraft into space. 中国已成功地向太空发射了载人飞船。

２．发起（进攻）

The enemy launched an attack against us at dawn.  黎明时分，敌人向我们发起了进攻。

３．开始（计划，活动）；初次发行；推出一种新品

The firm is launching a new product in Europe next month. 这家公司下月将在欧洲推出一种新产品。

A new film will be launched by Holleywood soon. 好莱坞马上要推出一部新片。

４．使轮船下水，试航

 The new aircraft carrier will be launched on time. 新造的航空母舰将要如期试航。

professional  adj

1. 职业的

Mike started his professional football career soon after he left high school. 高中毕业不久，迈克就开始了他的职业足球生涯。

２．有某种职业技术的（skilled）

The professional job requires high education and great talent. 这种技术工作需要很高的文化和才能。

３．内行的；有经练的 （expert）

You’d better get some professional advice before you work on it.  在动手前你最好征求内行的意见。

４．Related words

profession (名词) 职业；工作

二． 短语

１．fill up……   装满；填满

The rain has filled up the pond. 雨水灌满了池塘。

２．depend on……  依靠；依赖

His success depended on hard work and good luck. 他是靠努力和好运成功的。

３．play an important role in…… 在。。。起重要作用；在。。。扮演重要角色

The Yellow river plays an important role in the history of China. 黄河在中国历史上起着重要的作用。

４．be responsible for……   对什么负责( be in charge of)

You should be responsible for locking the door when school is over. 你应该负责放学后锁门。

５．refer to……  指的是；指。。。而言

When I said some people are stupid I wasn’t referring to you. 当我说有人很蠢时并不是指你。

６．a close-knit……    团结的；关系紧密的。。。。

What a close-knit class we have!  我们的班级多团结呀！

７．tend to do……  有。。。趋势；趋于。。。

Modern people tend to have more stress in their life. 现代人趋于更多的生活压力。

 

 

8. used to do……   过去常常干。。。。。。

I used to get on well with him, but now we are not friends any more. 我过去和他相处很好，但现在我们不再是朋友了。

9． in the 1970s   在二十世纪七十年代

It used to be a busy commercial area in the 1970s, but now it is sinking little by little. 它在２０世纪７０年代曾是个繁忙的商业区，但现在却在渐渐衰落。

三． 重点句子及语法讲解

1．                            Sb + used to do……

1) 表示过去常常发生而现在不在发生的行为，故表达的是一般过去时的概念，我们可把“used”  当成一个普通的规则动词来用。现将它的几种基本句式归纳如下：

称述句。

She used to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park..

 否定句(有3种)

She didn’t use to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park.

Or:

She usedn’t(usen’t) to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park.

Or:

She never used to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park.

一般疑问句及回答（有２种）

Did she use to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park?

Yes, she did. /  No, she didn’t.

Or:

Used she to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park?

Yes, she used.  / No, she  usedn’t.（usen’t）

特殊疑问句

What did she use to do in the park?

Where did she use to watch the conjurors perform tricks?

Who used to watch conjurors perform tricks in the park

２）“used to do” 和 “would do” 的区别

＊ “used to do” 和 “would” 都可用来构成谓语，表示过去的习惯性的动作，但带“would”的句子不宜用在故事的开头，而只能用于中间。如：

We used to swim every day when we were children. We would run down to the lake and jump in.

＊“used to do” 可用来谈动作，也可用来谈情况，而would 只能用来表示重复的动作，既 would 后只能接表示动作的动词，不能接表示状态的be 动词。如

My uncle would/ used to tell jokes to us after dinner.

My uncle used to be very funny. (我叔叔过去很滑稽) 而不能说：My uncle would be very funny.

3) “ used to do” 和“be used to” 的区别

  “ used to”后接动词原形，表示过去常常发生的事。 “be used to” 后接名词或doing(动名词)，表示习惯于某事或做某事，其中 “to” 是介词——。如：I am used to my new life now. 我现在已经习惯了我的新生活了。 She is used to speaking English at any time. 她已经习惯了随时讲英语了。

2. There was no hot water or anything. 没有热水和任何东西。

句式“ not….. or…..” 表示既没有。。。，也没有。。。。之意。如：

He doesn’t have a TV or a video. 他既没电视，也没录象机。

Mary never wash dishes or even offers to clear the table. 玛丽从来不洗碗，甚至连收拾桌子的事也不主动。

2．                            We always went to the park with other families to see pleasure boats returning from their trips to the seaside. 我们常常和其他家人一道去公园观看正出游返航的游船。

此句中“ returning” 是个现在分词，作pleasure boat 的后置定语，其功能相当于一个限制性定语从句，既： We always went to the park with other families to see pleasure boats that are returning from their trips to the seaside. 这时先行词“pleasure boat” 在从句中必须充当主语，且和动词构成主动关系。如：

The girl who was walking in front forgot to take the key. 走在最前面的女孩忘记去拿钥匙了。（定语从句）

= The girl walking in front forgot to take the key. ( 带现在分词的简单句)

The man who is yelling at me is my boss. 那个正在朝我嚷的人是我的老板。（定语从句）

= The man yelling at me is my boss.  ( 带现在分词的简单句)

四．知识拓展

1.  un+ v 变成反义词

load  （ 装货 ）------------------------ unload ( 卸货 )

lock   ( 锁门 )-------------------------- unlock (开门 )

fasten  (捆绑 )--------------------------- unfasten ( 松绑)

tie  (  打结 ) ----------------------------untie ( 松结 )

pack ( 打包行李)------------------------- unpack (取出)

plug ( 插上插头)-------------------------unplug ( 拔除插头)

zip  ( 拉上拉链)------------------------ unzip ( 解开拉链)

fold ( 折叠 )----------------------------- unfold ( 展开 )

cover( 覆盖 )-----------------------------uncover (揭开)

3．                            un+ adj 变成反义词

happy   ( 快乐 )------------------------ unhappy

lucky    (幸运 ) ------------------------ unlucky

familiar  ( 熟悉 )------------------------ unfamiliar

fair   ( 公平 )--------------------------- unfair

even  ( 平整 )--------------------------- uneven

equal  (平等 )----------------------------unequal

healthy ( 健康 )--------------------------unhealthy

real   ( 真的 ) -------------------------- unreal

skilled ( 有技能的)-----------------------unskilled

kind  ( 善良的 )------------------------- unkind

natural ( 自然的 )------------------------ unnatural

usual  ( 平常的 )------------------------ unusual

interested ( 有趣的)----------------------- uninterested

tidy   (  整齐的)-------------------------untidy

 

 

                                                 Section II     Moving on

 

 

重点词汇	Rubbish;  environment;  waste;  search;  executive;  philosophy;  suburb;  mortgage;  pension/ pensioner;  adventure;  skip;  identity;  mayor; lifestyle;  record;  tiny;
短   语	A flatful of rubbish;  hardly ever;  a set of……;  used phone cards;  a philosophy behind one’s lifestyle;  care for the environment;  pass on one’s message;  left-over food;  a night-time search;  live in the suburbs;  a mortgage on one’s home;  identity cards;  someone else’s….;

  

一．词汇讲解。

Environment  n.

1．    环境； 周围状况;  （ surroundings; atmosphere ）

An unhappy home environment can affect a child’s behavior. 不幸福的家庭环境会影响孩子的行为。

We should create a good English speaking environment for our students. 我们要为学生营造良好的讲英语氛围。

We should make great efforts to improve our social environments. 我们应该尽力改善我们的社会环境。

2．    自然环境； 生态环境 （ nature ）

A new law is needed to protect the environment. 我们需要一个新的法律来保护自然环境。

The heavy smoke from this chimney is polluting the environment  这个烟囱冒的隆烟在污染环境。

3. Related word.

environmental  ( adj )   环境的

The environmental problems are getting more and more serious.  环境问题日趋严重。

The environmental damage caused by the chemical industry.  环境破坏是由化学工业造成的。

3．    Related phrases.

clean up / purify the environment     净化环境

beautify the environment           美化环境

environmentally friendly           环保的;  绿色的

a pleasant working/ living environment良好的工作/生活环境

global environment               全球环境

create …. environment             营造。。。。。环境或气氛

improve …..environment           改善。。。。。。环境

skip

I. n. ( 名词 ) 1. 垃圾斗车 dumpster

The scavenger is looking through skips by the roadside.  这个拾破烂的人在路边翻垃圾车。

1.       跳一下。

She gave a skip of joy.    她欢快地一跳。

II. v. ( 动词 )

1. 跳； 蹦    （ jump; hop ）

Look! All the girls are skipping a rope in the playground. 看！所有的女还在操场跳绳。

1．  跳过； 忽略。。。（ ignore ）

She skips the hard words when she reads.   她阅读时常常跳过难词。

2．  误掉； 没做某事  （ miss ）

He skipped his breakfast and went to work in a hurry.  他没次早饭就匆匆上班了。

3．  逃离  （ escape ）

The naughty boy always skips school and plays around. 这个调皮男孩常常逃学，到处玩。

III. Related phrases.

Skip a year/ skip a grade         跳级

Skip off/ out                  悄悄溜掉

Skip it!                      跳过不谈！

Skip the country               逃离国家

record

I. n. ( 名词 )

1．  唱片 ; 歌碟  （ disc; album ; gramophone ）

I’m looking for a record of Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony.  我在找贝多芬的第6交响乐唱片。

2． 记录； 记载   （ account; report; evidence ）

The museums are full of historical records of human civilization. 博物馆到处是人类文明的文物记载。

3． 运动会的记录   （ standard ）

He has broken the school record at the sports meet.   在运动会上他打破了校记录。

He has set up a new world record in the Olympic games. 在奥运会上他创立了新的世界记录。

4。履历；档案  （ file; archive ）

You should show your personal record to your new boss. 你应该给你的新老板看看你的个人履历。

II. v. ( 动词 )

1．    记录； 记载

His diary records all the happenings of the day.  他的日记记录了一天所有的事。

2．    录下（ 声音；形象 ）

The pop singer has recorded his new songs and is releasing his new album soon. 这个流行歌手已录好了他的新歌，并即将发行他的新专辑。

Search

I. n. ( 名词 )

1．  搜寻（  looking for）

The search for the missing girl went on all day. 搜寻失踪女孩的工作进行了一整天。

2．  检查； 搜查 （ checking ）

A body search was given when I went through the gate. 进大门时，他们搜了我的身。

The police made a careful search along the beach.  警察沿海滩进行了仔细的搜查。

3．  追求； 探求 （ pursuit ）

He couldn’t give up his search after( for) truth.   他不能放弃追求真理。

II. V. ( 动词 )

1．  搜寻

They searched the house from top to bottom.   他们对房子进行了彻底的搜寻。

2．  检查

The customs officers search everyone’s luggage at the security check.  过安检时海关官员要检查每个人的行李。

3．  追求； 探求

She always works hard to search after her goal.   她总是努力追求她自己的目标。

Scientists are still searching for a cure to the common cold.  科学家仍在探求一种治疗感冒的方法。

III. Related phrases.

in search of……./  search for…      找寻

search one’s heart                  扪心自问

search through                     把。。。细心搜一遍

search out                         找到

search after                        追求。。。。

launch a city-wide search             展开全市范围的搜查

make( conduct ) a thorough search      进行彻底的搜寻或搜查

mortgage

I.  n. ( 名词 ) a loan from banks for purchasing housing property住房的抵押贷款

We decided to buy a house with a garden on mortgage.   我们决定贷款买一栋带花园的房子。

We must pay for the mortgage on our home every month.  我们必须每月付我们房子的贷款。

The bank refused to accept any mortgage on land.  这家银行拒绝接受任何土地抵押贷款。

II.                 v. ( 动词 ) 抵押资产贷款

He mortgaged his house in order to start a business.    他把房子作抵押贷款以开办一家商店。

The house is mortgaged to the bank for $30.000.     这房子以3万美圆抵押给了银行。

pension  n. ( 名词 )----- an amount of money paid regularly by a government or company to someone who is officially retired 养老金，退休金

The old couple live on pension.  这对老夫妇靠养老金为生。

Pensions are usually drawn at the local post office.  退休金通常在当地邮局领取。

The government has raised the old-age pension by 30% in the last five years.政府在过去5年里将养老金提高了30%。

pensioner n. （ 名词）--- a person who receives pension 领退休金的老年人

identity  n. （ 名词 ）

1．  身份

The identity of the killer is still unknown.  凶手的身份还不清楚。

You can get your identity card（ID） when you reach 16 years old. 你到了16岁就可领到身份证了。

2. 有别其他东西的特征

We should make great efforts to keep our cultural identity. 我们要努力保留我们的文化特征。

We should be proud of our glorious national identity.  我们要以我们伟大的民族特征而骄傲。

2．  同一性( likeness)

We should note the identities in the two cases.   我们应注意到这两件案例的相同之处。

We should reach an identity of views.   我们应该取得一致的意见。

II. v. identify  认出身份； 辨别出

The girl identified the killer at one sight.  女孩一眼就认出了凶手。

At the age of four he could identify animals of all kinds.  才4岁他就能辨认所有的动物。

waste

I. n. ( 名词 )

1．  废物； 垃圾  （ rubbish; garbage; trash ）

The waste is collected for recycling. 垃圾用来回收。

How do you deal with your daily waste? 你怎样处理你每天的垃圾的？

A lot of poisonous waste from the chemical works goes into the river. 化工厂把许多有毒废水排进河里。

2．  浪费 （ abuse ; not saving ）

There is too much waste in your school. 你们学校有太多的浪费。

It’s a waste of money to travel by air.  坐飞机太浪费钱了。

Don’t let all this good food go to waste！  别把这些好好的食物浪费了！

II. v. （ 动词 ）

1．    浪费

Don’t waste words on him. He is rather stubborn.  不要和他费口舌，他很固执。

There is no use wasting time in discussing this problem.  浪费时间来讨论这个问题是没用的。

2．    荒废（土地），使身体虚弱

The farmers had to desert their homes and waste their land. 农民们不得不遗弃自己的家园，荒芜自己的土地。

The strange disease waste his whole body.   奇怪的疾病把他整个身体都拖跨了。

III.               adj ( 形容词 ) 荒弃的，废弃的 （deserted ）

The desert is a large waste land.  沙漠是一大片荒地。

wasteful adj.   造成浪费的

A wasteful person doesn’t value anything.   一个浪费的人不知道珍惜任何东西。

It’s wasteful of you to leave the lights on all night.  你一晚上都开着灯，很浪费。

二．短语讲解。

1．care for…… 

1)关心。。。( care about )

She only cares for herself and her family.  她只关心她自己和家庭。

２）照顾，照管 ( take care of;  look after )

After the death of their mother, the children were cared for by an aunt. 母亲死后，孩子们由一位姑姑照顾。

３）喜欢 ( like; prefer; enjoy )

I care for hiking in the mountains in fall.   我喜欢秋季在山上徒步旅行。

2．a flatful of rubbish -------------- a flat full of rubbish   一公寓的破烂

类似的还有：

  a mouthful of food---------------- a mouth full of food   满嘴的食物

  a handful of candies--------------- a hand full of candies  满手的糖果

3．pass on a message   传递一种信息或理念

He asked me to pass on the message to everyone in my office.他要我把消息告诉办公室的每个人。

He did it in order to pass on a message that he is a very strong domestic person. 他这样做的目的是告之世人他是一个很爱家的人。

The message was passed on to everyone present.   消息传遍了在场的每个人。

3．live in the suburbs 和 live in the country 的区别

“in the suburb” refers to the area away from the center of a town or city, where a lot of people live.

“in the country” refers to the land outside a town or a city, including land used for farming.

所以说“suburbs” 指的是城镇近郊的居住区，而“country” 指的是城镇的远郊，常常能看到大片的农田的地方。

4．a set of …… / a…… set     一整套。。。。； 成套的。。。；一副。。。

a set of chess/ a chess set                一副棋

a set of chinaware / a china set            一套瓷器                     

a set of teaware /  a tea set               一套茶具

a set of dinnerware /  a dinner set          一套餐具

a set of novels / a novel set                一套小说

a set of bedding/ a bedding set             一套床具

a set of tools / a tool set                   一套工具

a set of playing cards/  a playing card set    一副扑克牌

a set of silverware / a silver set             一套刀叉

5. someone else’s  -------- other people’s   别人的。。。。。。。

I don’t want to use someone else’s old stuff.   我不想用别人的旧东西。

She doesn’t care about someone else’s opinions at all. 她一点都不关心别人的意见。

Someone else   ------------- other people  别人； 另外的人

You can take someone else with you for the party.   晚会你可以带另外的人来。

I’m not waiting for you, but someone else.     我没等你，而是别人。

anyone else ------------- 别的任何人； 其他的任何人

You should pass it on to anyone else there.     你要把它传个那里的任何人。

Is there anyone else there besides you?      除你外还有其他人吗？

三． 知识讲解。

１． He hardly ever buys new things.  他几乎不买新东西。

“hardly ever” 是一个表频率的副词，意思是“几乎不”，表示频率很低，常常用于一般现在时。常用的频率副词有以下几个，我们把它们按频率的强到弱排列如下：always----

often/frequently-------sometimes-------occasionally------rarely/seldom-------hardly ever-------never.其中“usually; often; never” 可出现在句首。对频率副词的提问我们一般用疑问词 “ How often………?” 来设问。

He hardly ever shows his talent in public.   他几乎不在公共场合显示他的才能。

They are hardly ever at work on Sundays.   他们星期天几乎不上班。

How often do you check his work?  Hardly ever. 你多久检查一次他的工作？几乎不检查。

２．…. and tonight he is going on another night-time search. 而且今晚他要进行另一次夜寻。

“ be doing” 一般构成现在进行时，表示事情正在发生。但此结构有时也表示一般将来时，表示已拟订好计划，即将实现的行为，此时常常和一个将来的时间搭配。如：

I’ve got the air ticket and I am leaving tomorrow night. 我已得到了机票，明晚动身。

My schedule is full tomorrow. So I am not meeting you there. 我明天的时间安排满了，所以我将不来接你了。

Are we visiting the Great Wall tonight according to the original plan?  按原计划今晚我们将去长城吗？

３.He goes out at night and looks through skips left by builders at the side of the road. 他晚上常常去翻那些被建筑工人留在街边的垃圾车。

此句是一个简单句，“left” 是过去分词，作后置定语修饰 skip, 其功能相当于一个限制性定语从句，此时过去分词和被修饰词往往构成被动关系。如：

The ticket which was given by my friend was missing. 那张朋友给的票不见了。

＝The ticket given by my friend was missing.

He is a teacher who is loved by his students.   他是一位受学生喜爱的老师。

＝He is a teacher loved by his students.

This is an old story which has been handed down by the word of mouth.这是个口头流传下来的故事。

＝This is an old story handed down by the word of mouth.

 

 

       Section  III    Describing pictures

重点词汇	bare;  background/ foreground;  casual;  probably;  setting;  dwelling;  shabby;  suppose;  surrounding;  plain;  plateau;  range;  detached;  tile;  vegetation;  questionnaire;  inhabit/ inhabited;  façade;  cottage;  hut;  sloping;  concrete;  terraced;  balcony;  porch;  chimney;  patio;
短   语	a mobile house;  in good/ poor condition;  in the background/ foreground;  at the side of’;  in the center of;  at the back of;  on the façade of;  on the balcony;  the sloping roof;  physical settings;  a range of mountains;  in the distance;  a bare hill;  wear casual clothes;  belong to; on the right;  on the left

一．词汇讲解

bare

I.         adj

1.光秃的，没有覆盖的 （uncovered）

You can hardly see any plants here. It’s just a bare hill. 你几乎在这里看不见什么植物，它只是一座光秃秃的小山。

2．赤裸的 ( naked)

You may feel comfortable walking along the beach with bare feet. 你赤脚走在海滩上会感觉很舒服。

3．空无所有的 ( empty)

The small room is almost bare of furniture.  这间小房间几乎空无家具。

4.最低限度的  （minimum）

He earns a bare living by loading and unloading the ship. 他靠装卸船来勉强维持生计。

II. v.   使。。。露出来；暴露

Bare your head when the flag is hoisted. 升旗时要把帽脱下来。

The tiger bared its teeth when jumping forward. 老虎呲牙咧嘴地往前跳。

III.Related phrases:

fight with bare hands    徒手搏斗

The policeman fought with his bare hands and caught the thief finally. 警察赤手空拳地和小偷搏斗，最后逮住了小偷。

bare one’s heart to …..    对。。。倾吐肺腑； 对。。。推心置腹

I must bare my heart to you, or I shall go mad.  我必须向你倾吐，否则我要疯了。

lay bare     暴露； 表白； 揭露

In the book he lays bare some social evils boldly. 他大胆地在这本书里揭露了一些社会丑

bare sb of sth  剥光某人某物

They bared him of all the clothes and threw him into the water. 他们把他的衣服剥光，然后扔进水里。

shabby  adj.

1. 破烂的  （ in poor condition; worn-out ）

The old house has grown shabby with age.  这座老房子由于年就而破败了。

The deserted street looks rather shabby.    这条荒弃的街道看起来很破旧。

The orphan wore shabby clothes and had nowhere to go. 这个孤儿穿着破旧的衣服，无处可去。

2. 破旧的，衣着不整的 （ ragged; poor； untidy ）

What a shabby guy he is !    他多邋遢啊！

Don’t be so shabby!  We’re heading for a wedding.  不要这么衣着不整！我们要去参加婚礼。

3. 卑鄙的； 不公平的   （ unfair; unkind ）

Don’t do that! It is a shabby trick.    不要那样做！ 这是卑鄙的伎俩。

It’s shabby not to talk to an old friend just because he is poor now. 就只因为老朋友现在穷困潦倒而不理他是很卑鄙的。

probably  adv  ( more likely ) 很有可能

I. 在句中的位置。 1．可位于句首：

Probably my mother is coming to see me tomorrow.   很有可能我妈妈明天要来看我。

Probably it is going to rain.   很有可能要下雨了。

2.       可位于谓语动词前：

I probably didn’t try hard enough.  很可能我还没尽够力。

They probably refer to what they will do.   他们很可能指的是他们要做的事。

1．    可位于助动词，情态动词和be 动词后：

It’ll probably snow.     很可能要下雪了。

He is probably in his thirties.    他很有可能三十几岁了。

I shall probably live there all my life.  我很有可能要在那里住一辈子。

II. Related words.

probable   adj    很有可能的

It’s probable that he will win the game.== Probably he will win the game.

improbable    adj  没有可能的

probability    n.  可能性

 probably 和 possibly 的区别

  这两个副词都表示可能，但 “ probably” 比 “ possibly” 的可能性更大，表示很有可能实现的事。如：

I am quite sure she will come back.------------ Probably she will come back..

She may come back but I am not sure.------------ Possibly she will come back.

plain

I. n. ( 名词 ) 平原 a large flat area

 China is a vast country with three big plains.   中国是个辽阔的国家，有三大平原。

II. adj （形容词）

1．普通的；简单的  （ simple ）

 She wore just a plain dress for the party.   她只穿了件简单的裙子去了晚会。

 I prefer some plain furniture in my room.  我喜欢一些简单的家具在我房间。

2．坦率，老实的    （ honest ; frank ）

 I must be plain with you and tell you the truth. 我必须对你坦率地说实话。

 He is always a plain and trusty person.    他总是一个坦诚，值得信赖的人。

3．不漂亮； 很平凡的  （ not beautiful ）

 The girl has a good figure but a plain face.  这女孩有着好身段但是脸蛋却很一般。

4．清楚；明确易懂   （ clear ）

 It’s plain that he got cross with you.    很明显他对你很生气。

 He explained everything in plain English. 他用简明易懂的英语给我解释了一切。

2．    Related phrases.

 plain paper         纯白纸（无线条）

 plain sailing        一帆风顺

 in plain clothes     着便衣（尤指警察）

 as plain as a day/ as plain as a nose on a face  一目了然

setting  n. ( 名词 ) 

1．环境； 背景 （ background; surroundings ）

 The trees and the flowers make a wonderful setting for the old house.花木簇拥着老房子，景色

真美。

 Can you describe the physical setting of the church?  你能描述一下那个教堂的地理环境吗？

 We should prepare two settings for our English play. 我们应该为我们的英语剧准备2个布景。

2.故事发生的地方或背景

Our story has its setting in Paris.     我们的故事发生在巴黎。

  The setting of the novel is in London during the World War II. 小说以二战的伦敦为背景。

set v. ( 动词 )    以。。。。。。为背景

The famous movie was set in my hometown.    这个有名的电影故事发生在我的家乡。

range

I. n. ( 名词 )

1．范围

 Our library has a wide range of books . 我们图书馆的书包罗万象。

 We can see a range of prices from 5 cents to $25 on the list. 我们看见表单上的价格是从5美分到25 美元不等。

2.       生长地带

 The range of this flower is northern Europe.  这种花的生长地带是北欧。

1．  山脉； 一排（山）

 We can see a range of hills in the distance.  我们能看见远方的一排山脉。

 The mountain range is in the middle of the country.  这个山系在这个国家的中部。

II. v. ( 动词) 把什么排好，摆好

The teacher ranged the boys in order of the height.   老师把男孩们按高矮排好。

The librarian ranged the books in the order of the time. 图书管理员把书按时间顺序排列好。

mobile  adj

1. 可活动的； 可移动的    ( movable ；not fixed in one place )

  Some people enjoys living in the mobile houses.  有些人喜欢住活动房子。

  A mobile phone is much more convenient than a regular one. 移动电话比普通电话方便得多。

2. 能方便行动的  （ able to move or travel easily ）

  Since she has her own car she is much more mobile.既然有了自己的车她的活动就方便多了。

  She hasn’t been so mobile since her accident.   车祸后她就不能这么出行方便了。

3.Related phrases.

a mobile face             一张易变而表情丰富的脸

a mobile feature           易变的个性或特征

a mobile toilet             活动厕所

a mobile shop             活动商店

a mobile home             房车或活动房屋

a mobile phone             移动电话

surrounding  adj    周围的，四周的

The water supply of the village comes from the surrounding hill这个村的供水来自附近的小山。

I can’t tell it used to be a busy dock because the surrounding environment has changed a lot. 我分辩不出这曾经是个忙碌的船坞，因为周围的环境变化了很多。

surroundings  n.   环境  （ environment ）

The surroundings are pleasant to live.   这里的环境有利于居住。

Our new school has a very wonderful surroundings.  我们新学校的环境很好。

surround  v.   包围

The police surrounded the house in all directions.   警察从四面八方包围了这个房子。

The block of flats is surrounded by trees and flowers.  这座公寓楼的四周都被花木环绕着。

 

二． 短语讲解。

1．in the background/ in the foreground 以。。。为背景或前景；在幕后

  In the background of this photo you can see a grand old church. 你能看见这张照片的背景是座古老的大教堂。

  There is a small river in the foreground of my mobile home. 我的活动房子的前面是一条小河。

  We should thank those people working in the background. 我们应感谢那些幕后工作的人们。

2.     in good/ poor condition    完好无损的/ 有破损的（undamaged/                                    

                          damaged )

. Everything is arrived in good condition.     所有的东西都完好无损的抵达。

 The old castle was in poor condition and the local people decided to repair it. 这座古堡破损很厉害，当地人决定要维修它。

We should keep our cultural heritage sites in good condition.我们应让我们的文化遗迹完好.

The harsh winter made the cottage in very poor condition.  严冬让小屋变得破烂不堪。 

3.     on the façade of …….在。。。。。的正面 ( in the front of )

On the façade of the building are two stone lions guarding the gate. 建筑的正前面是2只守门的石狮。

There are two big windows on the façade of the house.  房子的正面有两扇大窗子。

反意： at the back of / in the back of

4.     in the center of…….在。。。。。中心 （ in the middle of ）

There is a big parking lot in the center of the shopping area. 在购物区的中心是个大停车场。

She placed the roses in the center of the dining-table.   她把玫瑰摆放在餐桌的中间。

5.     at the side of…….. 在。。。。。旁边 （ beside ）

They are waiting for the bus at the side of the road.  他们在路边等车。

There is a new bank at the side of my house.    我学校的旁边是家新开的银行。

6．belong to……   属于。。。。。

The large housing estate belong to this rich family.  这大片房地产属于这个富有的家庭。

Probably he belongs to a terrorist organization.  很可能他属于恐怖组织。

三．知识归纳：

1．对方位的表达：

on the left      在左方

on the right     在右方

in the middle of/ in the center of      在中间

in the front of / on the façade of/ in the foreground   在前面

on the back of/ in the back of/ in the rear of /in the background      在后面

at the side of/ beside /by  在旁边  

on the top of           在顶部

at the bottom of        在低部

above/ over/ on        在。。。。上

below/ under          在。。。。下

close to / next to / near  靠近。。。。

between/among        在。。。。。中间

a long way from        离。。。。。很远

further to…           再远处

beyond               在。。。。以外

inside /in             在里面

outside /out of         在外面

in the distance         在远处

on; over; above 的区别：

“on” 表示接触于某种物体上面，如on the table; on the ground 。“above” 表示不和任何东西接触，位于某物的上面，它的反义词是 “ below”. 如：Can you answer the questions above/below the article? (你能回答文章上面／下面的问题吗？)而“over” 的意思是垂直于某物之上，它的反义词是 “ under”。如：There is a plane over the building. 建筑物顶上有架飞机.

close to; near; next to 的区别：

“ close to” 和 “ near” 在表示方位时意思很接近，可以互相替换。但“close to” 还表示关系很紧密的意思，“near”却没有这层意思。如：I am very close to my mother. ( 我和妈妈关系很紧密。) “next to” 表示紧挨着，紧邻着。。。。。因而它表示的方位比前２个更靠近某物。

between ; among 的区别：

“between” 意为在两者之间，而“ among” 是位于两者以上的人或物之间。如：I am between you and her.( 在两人之间)。 I am among the class. (班上就不只两人了)

２．表示不确切或猜测的表达：

I suppose…………我猜想。。。。。。。

Perhaps/ Possibly/ Probably/ Presumably/Maybe……也许。。。。。。。。.

It’s likely that……很有可能。。。。。。。

I should think……我想该是。。。。。。。.

I can’t really tell. 我也弄不清

I guess… 我猜。。。。。。

I am not sure….. 我不敢肯定

It may be/ might be……可能。。。。。。。